Development/Tutorials/Saving and loading (de)

Development/Tutorials/Saving_and_loading

Laden und speichern von Dateien

Anleitungsserie	Anleitung für Anfänger
Voriges Kapitel	Anleitung 3 - KActions benutzen
Nächstes Kapitel	Anleitung 5 - KCmdLineArgs benutzen
Weiterführende Texte	KIO::NetAccess QFile
Navigation	Deutsche Startseite

Abstract

Nun da wir einen rudimentäres Text Editor Interface erstellt haben, ist es an der Zeit etwas Nützliches zu machen. Grundsätzlich muss ein Text Editor Dateien laden, Dateien, die man erstellt oder bearbeitet hat zu speichern und neue Dateien zu erstellen.

KDE stellt eine Anzahl von Klassen bereit um das Arbeiten mit Dateien für die Entwickler deutlich zu vereinfachen. Die KIO Bibliothek ermöglicht es Dateien auf einfache Weise über Netzwerk-transparente Protokolle anzusteuern und stellt auch Standard Datei-Dialoge bereit.

Der Code

main.cpp

include <KApplication>
include <KAboutData>
include <KCmdLineArgs>

include "mainwindow.h"

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{

 KAboutData aboutData( "tutorial4", "tutorial4",
     ki18n("Tutorial 4"), "1.0",
     ki18n("A simple text area which can load and save."),
     KAboutData::License_GPL,
     ki18n("Copyright (c) 2007 Developer") );
 KCmdLineArgs::init( argc, argv, &aboutData );
 KApplication app;

 MainWindow* window = new MainWindow();
 window->show();
 return app.exec();

} main.cpp hat sich seit der dritten Anleitung nicht verändert, ausser das jeder Bezug zu tutorial 3 zu tutorial 4 geändert wurde.

mainwindow.h

ifndef MAINWINDOW_H
define MAINWINDOW_H

include <KXmlGuiWindow>
include <KTextEdit>

class MainWindow : public KXmlGuiWindow
{

 Q_OBJECT //new from tutorial3
 
 public:
   MainWindow(QWidget *parent=0);
 
 private:
   KTextEdit* textArea;
   void setupActions();
   QString fileName; //new

 private slots: //new
   void newFile(); //new
   void openFile(); //new
   void saveFile(); //new
   void saveFileAs(); //new
   void saveFileAs(const QString &outputFileName); //new

};

endif

Da wir unserem Programm die Fähigkeit geben wollen, Dateien zu laden und zu speichern müssen wir Funktionen hinzufügen, die diese Arbeit erledigen werden. Da die Funktionen durch Qt's signal/slot-Mechanismus aufgerufen werden, müssen wir definieren, dass diese Funktionen Slots sind, wie wir dies bei Zeile 19 machen. Da wir Slots in diesem Header-File benutzen müssen wir auch das Q_OBJECT Makro hinzufügen.

Wir werden auch den Dateinamen der momentan geöffneten Datei abrufbar haben wollen, also definieren wir einen QString fileName.

mainwindow.cpp

include "mainwindow.h"

include <KApplication>
include <KAction>
include <KLocale>
include <KActionCollection>
include <KStandardAction>
include <KFileDialog> //new
include <KMessageBox> //new
include <KIO/NetAccess> //new
include <KSaveFile> //new
include <QTextStream> //new

MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)

   : KXmlGuiWindow(parent),
     fileName(QString()) //new

 textArea = new KTextEdit;
 setCentralWidget(textArea);

 setupActions();

}
void MainWindow::setupActions()
{

 KAction* clearAction = new KAction(this);
 clearAction->setText(i18n("Clear"));
 clearAction->setIcon(KIcon("document-new"));
 clearAction->setShortcut(Qt::CTRL + Qt::Key_W);
 actionCollection()->addAction("clear", clearAction);
 connect(clearAction, SIGNAL(triggered(bool)),
         textArea, SLOT(clear()));

 KStandardAction::quit(kapp, SLOT(quit()),
                       actionCollection());

 KStandardAction::open(this, SLOT(openFile()),
                       actionCollection()); //new

 KStandardAction::save(this, SLOT(saveFile()),
                       actionCollection()); //new

 KStandardAction::saveAs(this, SLOT(saveFileAs()),
                       actionCollection()); //new

 KStandardAction::openNew(this, SLOT(newFile()),
                       actionCollection()); //new

 setupGUI();

}
//New from here on
void MainWindow::newFile()
{

 fileName.clear();
 textArea->clear();

}
void MainWindow::saveFileAs(const QString &outputFileName)
{

 KSaveFile file(outputFileName);
 file.open();
 
 QByteArray outputByteArray;
 outputByteArray.append(textArea->toPlainText());
 file.write(outputByteArray);
 file.finalize();
 file.close();
 
 fileName = outputFileName;

}
void MainWindow::saveFileAs()
{

 saveFileAs(KFileDialog::getSaveFileName());

}
void MainWindow::saveFile()
{

 if(!fileName.isEmpty())
 {
   saveFileAs(fileName);
 }
 else
 {
   saveFileAs();
 }

}
void MainWindow::openFile()
{

 QString fileNameFromDialog = KFileDialog::getOpenFileName();

 QString tmpFile;
 if(KIO::NetAccess::download(fileNameFromDialog, tmpFile, 
        this))
 {
   QFile file(tmpFile);
   file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly);
   textArea->setPlainText(QTextStream(&file).readAll());
   fileName = fileNameFromDialog;

   KIO::NetAccess::removeTempFile(tmpFile);
 }
 else
 {
   KMessageBox::error(this, 
       KIO::NetAccess::lastErrorString());
 }

}

tutorial4ui.rc

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE kpartgui SYSTEM "kpartgui.dtd"> <gui name="tutorial4" version="1">

 <ToolBar name="mainToolBar" >
   <text>Main Toolbar</text>
   <Action name="clear" />
 </ToolBar>
 <MenuBar>
   <Menu name="file" >
     <Action name="clear" />
   </Menu>
 </MenuBar>

</gui> Dies ist identisch mit tutorial3ui.rc aus Anleitung 3 ausser dass name zu 'tutorial4' geändert wurde. Wir müssen keine Informationen über irgendeine der KStandardActions hinzuzufügen da die Platzierung dieser Aktionen automatisch durch KDE erfolgt.

Erklärung

Nun kommen wir zum Code, der das Laden und Speichern erledigen wird. Das wird alles in mainwindow.cpp passieren.

Als erstes fügen wir fileName(QString()) der MainWindow Konstruktor-Liste auf Zeile 16 hinzu. Das stellt sicher, dass fileName von Anfang an leer ist.

TODO:Der Rest muss noch übersetzt werden.

Hinzufügen der Aktionen

The first thing we are going to do is provide the outward interface for the user so they can tell the application to load and save. Like with the quit action in tutorial 3, we will use KStandardActions. On lines 37 to 47 we add the actions in the same way as for the quit action. For each one, we connect it to the appropriate slot that we declared in the header file.

Creating a new document

The first function we create is the newFile() function. void MainWindow::newFile() {

 fileName.clear();
 textArea->clear();

} fileName.clear() sets the fileName QString to be empty to reflect the fact that this document does not yet have a presence on disc. textArea->clear() then clears the central text area using the same function that we connected the clear KAction to in tutorial 3.

Saving a file

saveFileAs(QString)

Now we get onto our first file handling code. We're going to implement a function which will save the contents of the text area to the file name given as a parameter. KDE provides a class for safely saving a file called KSaveFile which is derived from Qt's QFile.

The function's prototype is void MainWindow::saveFileAs(const QString &outputFileName)

We then create our KSaveFile object and open it with KSaveFile file(outputFileName); file.open();

Now that we have our file to write to, we need to format the text in the text area to a format which can be written to file. For this, we create a QByteArray and fill it with the plain text version of whatever is in the text area: QByteArray outputByteArray; outputByteArray.append(textArea->toPlainText()); Now that we have our QByteArray, we use it to write to the file with KSaveFile::write(). If we were using a normal QFile, this would make the changes immediately. However, if a problem occurred partway through writing, the file would become corrupted. For this reason, KSaveFile works by first writing to a temporary file and then, when you call KSaveFile::finalize() the changes are made to the actual file. file.write(outputByteArray); file.finalize(); file.close(); Finally, we set MainWindows's fileName member to point to the file name we just saved to. fileName = outputFileName;

saveFileAs()

This is the function that the saveAs slot is connected to. It simply calls the generic saveFileAs(QString) function and passes the file name returned by KFileDialog::getSaveFileName().

void MainWindow::saveFileAs() {

 saveFileAs(KFileDialog::getSaveFileName());

}

This our first actual use of the KIO library. KFileDialog provides a number of static functions for displaying the common file dialog that is used by all KDE applications. Calling KFileDialog::getSaveFileName() will display a dialog where the user can select the name of the file to save to or choose a new name. The function returns the full file name, which we then pass to saveFileAs(QString).

saveFile()

void MainWindow::saveFile() {

 if(!fileName.isEmpty())
 {
   saveFileAs(fileName);
 }
 else
 {
   saveFileAs();
 }

}

There's nothing exciting or new in this function, just the logic to decide whether or not to show the save dialog. If fileName is not empty, then the file is saved to fileName. But if it is, then the dialog is shown to allow the user to select a file name.

Loading a file

Finally, we get round to being able to load a file from disc. The code for this is all contained in MainWindow::openFile().

First we must ask the user for the name of the file they wish to open. We do this using another one of the KFileDialog functions, this time getOpenFileName(): QString fileNameFromDialog = KFileDialog::getOpenFileName();

Then we use the KIO library to retrieve our file. This allows us to open the file with QFile even if it's stored in a remote location like an FTP site. We make the following call to NetAccess's download() function KIO::NetAccess::download(fileNameFromDialog, tmpFile, this) The first argument is the name of the file you wish to download. The second is a QString which, after the download is complete, will contain the location of the temporary copy of the file. It is this tmpFile we will work with from now on.

The function returns true or false depending on whether the transfer was successful. If it failed, we display a message box giving the error: KMessageBox::error(this, KIO::NetAccess::lastErrorString());

Otherwise, we continue with opening the file.

We create a QFile by passing the temporary file created by NetAccess::download() to its constructor and then open it in read-only mode QFile file(tmpFile); file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly);

In order to display the contents of the file, we must use a QTextStream. We create one by passing the contents of our file to its constructor and then call QFile's readAll() function to get the text from the file. This is then passed to the setPlainText() function of our text area.

textArea->setPlainText(QTextStream(&file).readAll());

We then store the path of the file we just opened: fileName = fileNameFromDialog; and finally, we remove the temporary file that was created by NetAccess::download(): KIO::NetAccess::removeTempFile(tmpFile);

Make, Install And Run

CMakeLists.txt

project(tutorial4)

find_package(KDE4 REQUIRED) include_directories(${KDE4_INCLUDES})

set(tutorial4_SRCS

 main.cpp
 mainwindow.cpp

)
kde4_add_executable(tutorial4 ${tutorial4_SRCS})
target_link_libraries(tutorial4 ${KDE4_KDEUI_LIBS}

                               ${KDE4_KIO_LIBS})

install(TARGETS tutorial4 DESTINATION ${BIN_INSTALL_DIR})
install(FILES tutorial4ui.rc

       DESTINATION ${DATA_INSTALL_DIR}/tutorial4)

Since we are now using the KIO library, we must tell CMake to link against it. We do this by passing ${KDE4_KIO_LIBS} to the target_link_libraries() function.

With this file, the tutorial can built and run in the same way as tutorial 3. For more information, see tutorial 3.

mkdir build && cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME
make install
$HOME/bin/tutorial4

Moving On

Now you can move on to the KCmdLineArgs tutorial.