Archive:KDE System Administration/Configuration Files (zh TW)

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KDE System Administration/Configuration Files

檔案格式

KDE 在它所有的配置檔都使用基於純文字的檔案格式。這種檔案包含由多項關鍵字與值（key-value）相配組合成的組（group）。所有的 KDE 配置檔使用 UTF-8 編碼，而不用 ASCII。

每組的開始處是由放置在中括號內的組名標示。所有放置在開始標籤後的關鍵字與值項目皆屬於該組。每個組結束於下一組的開始標籤或設定檔的結尾。

在檔案最上面的第一個項，不會作為預設的組被優先處理。

範例：一份簡單的配置檔

以下的範例展示了一個包含兩個組的配置檔。第一組包含了關鍵字｢LargeCursor｣和｢SingleClick｣，第二組包含了關鍵字｢Show hidden files｣和｢Sort by｣。 [KDE] LargeCursor=false SingleClick=true

[KFileDialog Settings] Show hidden files=false Sort by=Name

在組中的每個項目都是使用｢關鍵字=值｣的格式。關鍵字能夠包含空格，也可在其後加上放置於中括號內的選項。

等號後面的部分是每個項目的值。所有在等號周圍和項目末端的空格都將被忽略。

如果一個值需要包含一個空格在它的開始或結尾，這種情況可以用反斜線加 s 來代替。

有許多其他這樣的反斜線替代碼，以下是完整列表：

  • ｢\s｣ 能夠被當作空格使用
  • ｢\t｣ 能夠被當作 tab 使用
  • ｢\r｣ 表示 return 符號
  • ｢\n｣ 表示換行符號（新增一行）
  • ｢\\｣ 表示反斜線本身

範例：空白

下面的配置檔片段相當於與上一個範例。關鍵字與值周圍的空白將被忽略。 [KDE] LargeCursor= false SingleClick = true

[KFileDialog Settings] 

  Show hidden files   = false

Sort by =Name

範例：保留空白

在接下來的例子中｢Caption｣項的值以兩個空格開始，同時｢Description｣項包含三行文字。反斜線標記的換行符號（\n）用於分割不同行。 [Preview Image] Caption=\s My Caption Description=This is\na very long\ndescription.

配置檔中的空行將被忽略，就像對待井字｢#｣開始的行一樣。井字用於在配置檔中加上註釋，但是需要注意當 KDE 應用程式更新配置檔時，這些註釋將不被保留。

配置

在許多 [[../KDE Filesystem Hierarchy#Location_of_the_Directory_Trees|KDE 目錄樹]]的 share/config 子目錄下可以有多個同名的配置檔。在這種情況下，所有這些配置檔中的資訊將逐條項地合併在一起。如果某個組內同一個關鍵字不止在一個地方被定義過，將使用最高優先權目錄樹下的關鍵字值。在 $KDEHOME 下的配置檔擁有最高優先權。如果某個組中的某個關鍵字在同一個檔中被定義了多次，那麼最後出現的值將被採用。

KDE 的級聯配置方案提供使用者在系統或整個組織預設設定的基礎上，對某些個別設定進行修改。KDE 不會為了符合系統的預設設定，覆寫 $KDEHOME 下的使用者配置檔項目。這樣使得預設設定的修改可以立即傳播給所有使用者。注意，不同於傳統透過 /etc/skel 來為使用者提供預設設定，修改 /etc/skel 只能套用於建立新的使用者帳戶時。

當管理員不希望預設設定被個別使用者隨意修改時，可以鎖定預設設定。

Shell 擴展

So called Shell Expansion can be used to provide more dynamic default values. With shell expansion the value of a configuration key can be constructed from the value of an environment variable or from the output of a shell command.

To enable shell expansion for a configuration entry, the key must be followed by [$e]. Normally the expanded form is written into the users configuration file after first use. To prevent that, it is recommend to lock the configuration entry down by using [$ie].

範例：動態項目

In the following example the value for the "Host" entry is determined by the output of the hostname program. This setting is also locked down to ensure that the value is always determined dynamically.

The value for the "Email" entry is determined by filling in the values of the $USER and $HOST environment variables. When joe is logged in on joes_host this will result in a value equal to "joe@joes_host". The setting is not locked down.

[Mail Settings] Host[$ie]=$(hostname) Email[$e]=${USER}@${HOST}

本地化

All configuration entries can be indexed with a language code. In this case, the language that the user has selected for use on the desktop is used to look up the key value. If the default language (American English) has been selected or if there is no index that corresponds to the selected language, the key entry without index is used.

範例：UTF8 In Keys

In the following example the value of the "Caption" entry depends on the language. If the user has selected french as language (language code fr) the value of the entry will be "Ma Légende". In all other cases the value "My Caption" will be used. [Preview Image] Caption=My Caption Caption[fr]=Ma Légende

鎖定

To prevent users from overriding default settings, you can lock these settings down in the system-wide config files. Settings can be locked down individually, per group, or per file. An individual entry can be locked down by adding [$i] behind the key. A group of entries can be locked down by placing [$i] behind the group name. To lock down the entire file, start the file with [$i] on a single line.

範例：Using [$i]

In the following example the "Caption" entry has been locked down. All entries in the "Mail Settings" group have been locked down as well. [Preview Image] Caption[$i]=My Caption

[Mail Settings][$i] Host[$e]=$(hostname) Email=waldo@kde.org

If an entry has been locked down, entries that would otherwise take precedence over the default setting will now be ignored.

Any changes that applications make to settings that have been locked down will be silently dropped. Applications may respond differently to locked down settings. Some applications recognize when a setting has been locked down and will remove the elements from its user interface. Other applications will continue to offer these options in their user interface even though the option does not have any effect any more. It is also possible that it is actually still possible to change the setting in the running program. In that case the changed setting will be effective for the time the program remains running. When the program is restarted it will then return to the locked-down default settings.

編輯器

如果你不願意使用文字編輯器的話，那麼 KConfigEditor 提供了一種編輯 KDE 配置檔的方便方法。

要想在命令列中進行腳本設計或修改檔案，命令列應用程式 kwriteconfig 是非常有用的。kwriteconfig 可以同時建立一個配置檔名、一個組、一個關鍵字、一個可選的類型和一個值，例如：

kwriteconfig --file kickerrc \ 

            --group General \
            --key AutoHidePanel \
            --type bool \
            true
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