Archive:Getting Started/Build/KDE4 (zh TW)

Getting_Started/Build/KDE4

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摘要

這份教學介紹從 trunk 獲取 KDE 在 Linux/BSD 系統上運行的方法。也有其他教學如 FreeBSD、[[../KDE4/Windows (zh TW)|Windows]]、[[../KDE4/Mac OS X|Mac OS X]] 和 Solaris。本教學將創建一個特殊的使用者：kde-devel，用來執行 KDE trunk。一方面，這使得其他使用者可以繼續使用其他 KDE 版本。另一方面，測試特殊的全系統程式碼，如 KDE 顯示管理員是不可能的。這裡有一個教學設定 KDE 4 trunk 在 virtual machine 上。

在整份教學中皆使用 bash shell。

為 KDE4 開發創建一個使用者賬戶

Note

一些人喜歡為KDE 4使用一個單獨的使用者帳戶（例如一個舊的bug可能會誤刪除檔案），後面的這些說明都是以這種方式進行的。

使用一個單獨的使用者帳戶做任何事情都是很有效率的，有關細節請參考在 KDE4 中使用腳本提高生產力。

你還可以遵循下面的指令，但不要把這些環境變數儲存到你的 .bashrc 中，請把他們放到一個單獨的檔案中，以備你在切換到KDE 4環境時使用。

選項1：命令列

Note

在某些系統上，新使用者的配置在預設情況下使用/bin/sh。使用 /bin/sh 非常不方便工作，您可能需要更改為 /bin/bash 或其他shell。 在 Ark Linux 和 Fedora，你可以用-s /bin/bash切換 /bin/sh為 bash。

useradd -m kde-devel -s /bin/bash passwd kde-devel

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選項2：使用KControl

Instead of using the commands above, you can also use the User module in the KDE Control Center if you already have KDE3 installed.

設定環境

從你的普通使用者下複製 ~/.bashrc 到新的 kde-devel 賬戶下。然後，把 .bashrc 範例的內容複製到 ~kde-devel/.bashrc。如果你不能使用 makeobj 指令，請把範例中的 alias make=makeobj 這一行註釋掉。此外，您可以下載 kde-sdk 套件（或執行 subversion checkout）和含入 kde-sdk/scripts/目錄在您的 path。您可能還需要修改 path，以確保它不包括您的KDE3 的路徑。另外，如果你想使用 KDevelop 開發 KDE 4 應用程式您可能要給 cmake 指令加入 -GKDevelop3 參數（以讓 CMake 生成 KDevelop 的專案檔，這將有助於避免在未來的重建，請見這裡）。

為了讓他執行，你必須開啟一個新的bash或執行 source ~/.bashrc

這樣就可以使用本教學中所使用的指令如 cmakekde，同時確保 Qt、KDE、CMake 二進位檔的正確路徑。

更多的資訊，請閱讀在 KDE4 中使用腳本提高生產力教學。

切換到新使用者

切換到使用者 kde-devel：

ssh -X kde-devel@localhost

Note

如果 ssh 指令無效，請查看啟動 KDE 4 應用程式。

發行版的必需套件包

從原始碼建構 kde4 的必需套件包在不同的發行版也不同。您的發行版指示如下：

• Ark Linux
• Arch Linux
• Fedora
• Kubuntu and Debian
• openSUSE 注：有一個 openSUSE 具體指導。不過要小心，因為它更新了大量的穩定套件包。
• Gentoo
• Linux from Scratch 或從原始碼建構。
• Mandriva

• 任何其他發行版

您的下一個編譯步驟取決於發行版提供的套件包。

編譯 kde-qt 等

如果您不希望使用由發行版提供的套件包，您可以自己編譯，如 Qt。建構包括 CMake、Qt4(kde-qt)和 kdesupport 依賴的指示在建構的事先需要頁面。請注意，automoc、phonon、strigi、soprano 以及其他一些 kdesupport 中的東西，如果您有這些東西缺失的錯誤，你需要取得 kdesupport。

建構 KDE 給開發或穩定使用

下面的命令用於從 trunk 建構最新版的不穩定 KDE。這不應該用在生產環境，但推薦給開發者。

想要建構穩定版本，請訪問：

http://techbase.kde.org/Getting_Started/Build/KDE4.x

kdelibs

現在，我們要來建構 KDE 的基礎函式庫。

方法

cd   
cs # 'cs' is a bash function, click here to learn more
mkdir KDE && cd KDE
svn checkout svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdelibs
cd kdelibs
cmakekde

發生什麼事

我們修改原始碼的基礎目錄（第1行），然後建立 KDE 目錄並進入（第3行）。我們使用 subversion 下載kdelibs 的原始碼（第4行），進入新的~/kde/src/KDE/kdelibs目錄（第5行），並開始建構（第6行）。這將使我們在建構完成後仍留在 kdelibs 構建目錄裡。

Additional KDE-specific CMake know-how

There are additional CMake modules in kdelibs/cmake/modules/ that are necessary for building KDE4 applications. These will be installed for you when kdelibs itself is installed.

To make a non-debug-release (e.g. suppressing all kDebug() messages), use e.g.

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release . && make && make install

疑難解答

For troubleshooting information, see the kdelibs troubleshooting section.

kdepimlibs

Currently kdebase depends on kdepimlibs so it is required to install it first. These libraries are also shared by other packages such as those within kdepim, kdeutils and kdenetwork.

libical

Download libical from http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=16077, compile, link and install it.

tar xvzf libical-0.41.tar.gz
cd libical-0.41
./configure && make && make install

方法

cs KDE # 'cs' is a bash function, click here to learn more
svn checkout svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdepimlibs
cd kdepimlibs
cmakekde

發生什麼事

We go into the KDE source directory (line 1), download the source code for kdepimlibs using subversion (line 2) and then go into the new ~/kde/src/KDE/kdepimlibs directory (line 3). We then commence the build (line 4). This will leave us in the kdepimlibs build directory after the build is completed.

疑難解答

For troubleshooting information, see the kdepimlibs troubleshooting section.

kdebase

kdebase is divided into three parts:

• apps

This contains applications like Dolphin or KWrite.

• runtime

This contains things needed by every application at runtime, like icons. It is a required dependency for each KDE application, so you have to compile and install this.

• workspace

This contains things specific to the KDE desktop, like Plasma or the window manager. Most stuff here depends on X11. You only need it if you want to build a full KDE desktop.

You can build all of kdebase at once, which is described in the recipe below. If you only want to build kdebase-runtime, which is the only requirement, you can replace cd kdebase with cd kdebase/runtime in the recipe below.

方法

cs KDE # 'cs' is a bash function, click here to learn more
svn checkout svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdebase
cd kdebase
cmakekde

Troubleshooting

For troubleshooting information, see the kdebase troubleshooting section.

翻譯

Most KDE users are going to install translations before being able to use their desktop properly. Full information is given in the Localisation tutorial at Development/Tutorials/Localization/Building_KDE's_l10n_Module. For a single language, the following receipe installs messages and translated documentation:

方法

cs KDE # 'cs' is a bash function, click here to learn more
svn checkout -N svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/l10n-kde4
cd l10n-kde4
svn checkout scripts <language>
./scripts/autogen.sh <language>
cd <language>
cmakekde

Running KDE 4 programs

You can now run KDE 4 programs (e.g. kwrite) by typing:

ssh -X kde-devel@localhost
kwrite 

疑難解答

For troubleshooting issues see troubleshooting running programs.

生成本地 API 文件

See the generating apidox page.

Staying up to date

In order to keep the kde4 installation up to date, each of the modules installed should be updated periodically. As Monday is the day for big changes in kdelibs, Tuesday may be the best day to do this. For each module checked out, run svn up and make.

For example: cs kdesupport # cs is not a typo svn up cb # cb is not a typo make install

Note: it is not necessary to run cmakekde for updates.

Installing a subset of a module

Many modules in KDE contain a large number of programs which could take a long time to download and compile. In cases where you want to work only on a particular program or programs in a module, it is possible to download and compile particular folders. In some cases, certain folders are required for any build of the module. This is determined in the CMakeLists.txt file of the module. For example the kdegames CMakeLists.txt file lists:

add_subdirectory(libkdegames) add_subdirectory(libkmahjongg)

macro_optional_add_subdirectory(doc) macro_optional_add_subdirectory(lskat) macro_optional_add_subdirectory(katomic)

So, the libkdegames and libkmahjongg directories are required to build any of kdegames. The cmake directory will also usually be required. All the other directories (doc, katomic etc) are optional. They will be built if present on your machine. In this example, we build kmahjongg and kbattleship:

cs KDE svn co -N svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames # The -N switch performs a non-recursive checkout cd kdegames svn co svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames/libkdegames # Get required directories svn co svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames/libkmahjongg svn co svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames/cmake svn co svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames/kbattleship # Get optional directories svn co svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/KDE/kdegames/kmahjongg cmakekde

成功囉！

You are now ready to start building other svn modules in the same fashion as you built kdebase, running and testing KDE4 or writing your own patches and applications.

For further isolation of your development environment change symbolic links, which you will see after executing ls -lh $(kde4-config --localprefix), assuming newly installed kde4-config is called.

See the Set up KDE 4 for development tutorial for how to start KDE 4 applications and how to use KDevelop to work on them.

For most of what you need to know on patches see: Contributing/Sending Patches