Policies/Library Code Policy

This document describes some of the recommended conventions that should be applied in the KDE libraries (not applications). Respecting these guidelines helps create a consistant API and also may help ease maintainence of the libraries later. While these conventions are not mandatory, they are important guidelines, and should be respected unless you have a good reason to disregard them.

As an introduction, you should read the document Designing Qt-Style C++ APIs.

For kdelibs, it is recommended to follow the Kdelibs Coding Style.

Naming Conventions

In KDE, we basically follow the same naming conventions as Qt.

Class names starts with a capital K. The rest is in camel case. Function names starts with a lower case, but the first letter of each successive word is capitalized.

Unless dealing with central libraries (kdecore, kdeui), classes should be in the library namespace. In that case, it is the namespace which starts with K and the classes inside may not start with it. New libraries should choose their namespace.

The prefix 'set' is used for setters, but the prefix 'get' is not used for accessors. Accessors are simply named with the name of the property they access. The exception is for accessors of a boolean which may start with the prefix 'is'.

Acronyms are lowercased too. Example: KUrl instead of KURL and isNssEnabled() instead of isNSSEnabled()

Accessors should usually be const.

This example shows some possible functions names public:

   void setColor(const QColor& c);
   QColor color() const;
   void setDirty(bool b);
   bool isDirty() const;

private Q_SLOTS:

   void slotParentChanged();

Make one public class for every .h file. Add the _EXPORT macro related to the library they are in. Private classes should be declared in the .cpp file, or in a _p.h file.

D-Pointers

In order to more easily maintain binary compatibility, there shouldn't be private members in a public class. For more information about binary compatibility, read Binary Compatibility Issues With C++.

By convention, the private class will be named the same as the public class, with Private appended to the name. class KFooPrivate; class KFoo { public:

   /* public members */

private:

   KFooPrivate * const d;

}; In the .cpp file: class KFooPrivate {

   public:
       int someInteger;

};

KFoo::KFoo() : d(new KFooPrivate) {

   /* ... */

}

KFoo::~KFoo() {

   delete d;

} Notice that the member d is const to avoid modifying it by mistake.

If you are implementing an implicitly shared class, you should consider using QSharedData and QSharedDataPointer for d.

Sometimes, complex code may be moved to a member method of the Private class itself. Doing this may give the compiler an extra register to optimize the code, since you won't be using "d" all the time. Also, remember to inline such methods if they are called only from one place.

Shared D-Pointers

If your class hierarchy is large and/or deep, you may want to try the concept of shared d-pointers. You'll be trading the added complexity for a smaller memory footprint in the main object (there will be only one "d" variable in it). Other advantages include:

• direct access to the private data of the whole hierarchy (in other words, the Private classes are in fact "protected", not "private")
• access to the parent's d-pointer methods

The latter advantage is especially useful if your class has moved the code from the main class to the Private class. If that's the case, you should be calling the Private methods instead: since they are not exported, they will create simpler relocations in the final library (or none at all). By simply calling the Private method instead of the public one, you contribute to a faster load-time of your library.

To implement a "shared d-pointer", you need to:

1. define a protected variable (d_ptr) in the least derived class of your hierarchy
2. in each class of the hierarchy, define a private function called d_func() that reinterpret_casts that d_ptr to the current class's Private class
3. use Q_D(Foo) at the beginning of the functions to have access to a variable "d"
4. the private classes derive from one another just like the public hierarchy; they also have virtual destructors
5. add one extra, protected constructor that takes the private class as a parameter
6. in each constructor for all derived classes, call the parent's constructor that takes the d pointer as a parameter

There's an example of such a construct in a separate page.

Q_DECLARE_PRIVATE

This is a handy macro that hides the ugly stuff for you. It creates the d_func() function for you, using the variable called d_ptr. If yours has that name, you can use this macro. If it has another name, maybe you should create a macro to make your code look nicer.

Q-Pointers

Q-pointers are like d-pointers, but work in the reverse direction: they are in the Private class and they point to the public class. Needless to say, this is only possible for classes that don't share their d-pointers. Examples of classes that might benefit from q-pointers are all those derived from QObject, while classes with implicit sharing are those that potentially can't use it.

Q-pointers are especially useful if your class has moved most of the code to the Private class as recommended. In that case, you may need to emit signals from the Private class. You would do it as:

   emit q->signalName();

(You need to declare the Private class a friend of your public one; Q_DECLARE_PRIVATE does that for you)

Q-pointers may also use the a shared q-pointer technique just like d-pointers can. What's more, Qt also provides a macro called Q_DECLARE_PUBLIC and one Q_Q to hide the ugly parts of the implementation.

Inline Code

For binary compatibility reasons, try to avoid inline code in headers. Specifically no inline constructor or destructor.

If ever you add inline code please note the following:

• Installed headers should compile with the following preprocessor defines: QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII, QT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII, QT_NO_KEYWORD. So don't forget QLatin1String.
• No C casts in the header. Use static_cast if types are known. Use qobject_cast instead of dynamic_cast if types are QObject based. dynamic_cast is not only slower, but is also unreliable across shared libraries.
• In general, check your code for common mistakes.

These recommendations are also true for code that are not in headers.

Flags

Try to avoid meaningless boolean parameters in functions. Example of a bad boolean argument: static QString KApplication::makeStdCaption( const QString &caption,

                                            bool withAppName,
                                            bool modified);

Because when you read code that uses the above function, you can't easily know the significance of the parameters

window->setCaption(KApplication::makeStdCaption( "Document Foo",

                        true, true));

The solution is to use QFlags. If the options only apply to one function, call the enum FunctionNameOption and the QFlags typedef FunctionNameOptions. Do that even if there is only one option, this will allow you to add more options later and keep the binary compatibility.

So a better API would be: class KApplication { public:

   /* [...] */
   enum StandardCaptionOption {
       /**
        * Indicates to include the application name
        */
       WithApplicationName = 0x01,
       /**
        * Note in the caption that there is unsaved data
        */
       Modified = 0x02
   };
   Q_DECLARE_FLAGS(StandardCaptionOptions, 
                   StandardCaptionOption)

   /**
    * Builds a caption using a standard layout.
    *
    * @param userCaption The caption string you want to display
    * @param options a set of flags from MakeStandartCaptionOption
    */
   static QString makeStandardCaption(const QString& userCaption,
      const StandardCaptionOptions& options = WithApplicationName);
   /* [...] */

}; Q_DECLARE_OPERATORS_FOR_FLAGS(KApplication::StandardCaptionOptions)

Const References

Each object parameter that is not a basic type (int, float, bool, enum, or pointers) should be passed by reference-to-const. This is faster, because it is not required to do a copy of the object. Do that even for object that are already implicitly shared, like QString:

QString myMethod( const QString& foo,

                 const QPixmap& bar,
                 int number );

Note: Avoid const references for return types though. Returning for example const QList<int> &someProperty() const; means exposing the internal data structure for someProperty() and it's very difficult to change it in the future while preserving binary compatibility. Especially for implicitly shared objects the one refcount that one avoids by returning a const reference is often not worth it the exposure of implementation.

There are cases where it makes sense, where performance is absolutely critical and the implementation is very fixed. So think twice about it and consider returning a value instead: QList<int> someProperty() const;

Signals and Slots

In the libraries, use Q_SIGNALS and Q_SLOTS instead of signals and slots. They are syntactically equivalent and should be used to avoid conflicts with boost signals, and with python's use of "slots" in its headers.

Properties

Consider using Q_PROPERTY for properties. The reason is that properties (especially thoses marked SCRIPTABLE) will be accessible through the javascript interface.

If you follow the propname / setPropname naming sheme, moc sets a special flag for the QMetaProperty.

Explicit Constructors

For each constructor (other than the copy constructor), check if you should make the constructor explicit in order to minimize wrong use of the constructor.

Basically, each constructor that may take only one argument should be marked explicit unless the whole point of the constructor is to allow implicit casting.

Avoid including other headers in headers

Try to reduce as much as possible the number of includes in header files. This will generally help reduce the compilation time, especially for developers when just one header has been modified. It may also avoid errors that can be caused by conflicts between headers.

If an object in the class is only used by pointer or by reference, it is not required to include the header for that object. Instead, just add a forward declaration before the class.

In this example, the class KFoo uses KBar by reference, so we do not need to include KBar's header:

1. include <kfoobase.h>

class KBar; class KFoo : public KFooBase {

   public:
       /* [...] */
       void myMethod(const KBar& bar);

};

Getting #includes right

There are two types of #include statements: #include <foo.h> and #include "foo.h".

Say we have the file xyz.h in /usr/include/mylib/ that contains the following:

1. include <header1.h>
2. include "header2.h"

The preprocessor will search for the file header1.h in all the paths given as -I arguments and then replace the line with the contents of that file.

For line 2 the preprocessor tries to use the file /usr/include/mylib/header2.h first and if it does not exist search for the file like it did for header1.h. The important part to note here is that the preprocessor does not look in the directory of the source file that includes xyz.h but in the directory where xyz.h resides.

Now, which include statement is the one to use? After all you can specify every directory you want using -I (or rather CMake's include_directories()) and thus could use #include <...> everywhere.

As application developer

• Include headers from external libraries using angle brackets.

1. include <iostream>
2. include <QtCore/QDate>
3. include <zlib.h>

• Include headers from your own project using double quotes.

1. include "myclass.h"

Rationale: The header files of external libraries are obviously not in the same directory as your source files. So you need to use angle brackets.

Headers of your own application have a defined relative location to the source files of your application. Using KDE4's cmake macros your source directory is the first include switch to the compiler and therefore there's no difference in using angle brackets or double quotes. If you work with a different buildsystem that does not include the current source directory or disable CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR then all includes (inside your application) using angle brackets will break.

Ideally the buildsystem would not need to specify -I<source directory> though as that can break with library headers that have the same filename as a header of your project (i.e.: If a library has the header file foo.h and your project has a different file with the same filename the compiler will always pick the header from your project instead of the one from the library because the source directory of the project is specified first.)

As library developer

• Include headers from external libraries using angle brackets.

1. include <iostream>
2. include <QtCore/QDate>
3. include <zlib.h>

• Include headers of your own library and libraries that belong to it using double quotes.

1. include "xyz.h" // same library and same directory

Rationale: The header files of external libraries are obviously not in a fixed location relative to your source files. So you need to use angle brackets.

Headers of your own libraries have a fixed relative location in the filesystem. Therefore you can use double quotes. You should use double quotes because otherwise the include statement could include a different header file than expected. An example how angle brackets can break the build:

/usr/include/libxyz/xyz.h includes foo.h using angle brackets and expects to have it replaced with the contents of the file /usr/include/libzyx/foo.h. Assuming there's another library that also ships a foo.h file in the directory /usr/include/anotherlib/. If the application that uses both libraries compiles with "g++ -I/usr/include/libxyz -I/usr/include/anotherlib ..." libxyz will work as expected. If the application compiles with "g++ -I/usr/include/anotherlib -I/usr/include/libxyz ..." the header xyz.h will include the file /usr/include/anotherlib/foo.h instead of the file that is shipped with libxyz. The same problem can appear if an application has a header file of the same name as a library and specifies -I./ as the first include directory.

Include order

Another important aspect of include management is the include order. Typically, you have a class named Foo, a file foo.h and a file foo.cpp . The rule is :

In your file foo.cpp, you should include "foo.h" as the first include, before the system includes.

The rationale behind that is to make your header standalone.

Let's imagine that your foo.h looks like this: class Foo { public:

   Bar getBar();

};

And your foo.cpp looks like this:

1. include "bar.h"
2. include "foo.h"

Your foo.cpp file will compile, but it will not compile for other people using foo.h without including bar.h . Including "foo.h" first makes sure that your foo.h header works for others.

Include guards

Header files should use guards to protect against possible multiple inclusion. Your myfoo.h header should look like this:

1. ifndef MYFOO_H
2. define MYFOO_H

... <stuff>...

1. endif /* MYFOO_H */

To be even more careful, you may want to encode a namespace or subdir (eg. KFOO) into the guard macro name, for example: MYFOO_H, KFOO_MYFOO_H, or _KFOO_MYFOO_H_ are all acceptable macro names. By convention, the macro name should be all uppercase; but that is not a hard requirement.

Static Objects

Global static objects in libraries should be avoided. You never know when the constructor will be run or if it will be run at all.

Wrong

static QString foo; // wrong - object might not be constructed static QString bar("hello"); // as above static int foo = myInitializer(); // myInitializer() might not be called In particular, never construct QObject-derived objects this way. On Windows (MS Visual C++) the object's internals will be left uninitialized within a library and will lead to crashes (more info). static QFile myFile("abc"); // QFile inherits QObject

Correct

static const int i = 42; static const int ii[3] = {1, 2, 3}; static const char myString[] = "hello"; static const MyStruct s = {3, 4.4, "hello"}; K_GLOBAL_STATIC(QFile, myFile);

You can use K_GLOBAL_STATIC macro (and for QObject-derived objects you should) to create global static objects which will be initialized the first time you use them.

Signal and Slot Normalization

Since QObject::connect uses a string-based comparison of the function signature, it requires some normalization to take place. It does that automatically for you, but it takes some CPU time, so, if it doesn't hurt your code's readability, normalize manually your SIGNAL and SLOT entries.

For example, you may have the following code: QObject::connect(this, SIGNAL( newValue(const QString&,

                                       const MyNamespace::Type&) ),
                other, SLOT( value(const QString &) ));

It would be preferrable to write as follows: QObject::connect(this, SIGNAL(newValue(QString,Type)),

                other, SLOT(value(QString)));

Note the absence of namespace markers, extra whitespace and the reduction of pass-by-reference-to-const parameters to simple pass-by-value ones. The normalization may involve other transformations, but these are the most common ones. To be sure what the proper normalization is, read the .moc file generated for the class.

Note: If you are unsure about the normalization, don't do it. Let QObject do it for you (the performance penalty is negligible in most cases).

Documentation

Every class and method should be well documented. Read the KDE Library Documentation Policy for the guidelines to follow when documenting your code.

Also don't forget the license headers and copyrights in each file. As stated in the Licensing Policy, kdelibs code must be licensed under the LGPL, BSD, or X11 license.

Author: Olivier Goffart March 2006