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= KWin Scripting Tutorial =
This page was moved to https://develop.kde.org/docs/plasma/kwin/
 
== The KWin script loading procedure ==
 
When KWin loads it looks in a folder for scripts it should run. This folder is given by: ''$KDEHOME/share/apps/kwin/scripts/''. Let’s call this directory ''KWINSCRIPTS'' for now.
 
Now, here is how KWin loads the scripts:
 
*Locate the ''$KWINSCRIPTS'' directory.
*Make a list of all the files in the ''$KWINSCRIPTS'' directory. For a file to be recognized and executed as a script, it must meet the following conditions:
**It must have one of the following extensions: ''.kwinscript'', ''.kws'' or ''.kwinqs''
**It must have the executable flag set.
*For every file with name as ''scriptfile.kwinscript'', ''scriptfile.kwinqs'' or ''scriptfile.kws'', a configuration file ''scriptfile.kwscfg'' is loaded as its configuration file and all its keys and values are loaded.
*All files recognized as scripts are executed one after the other.
 
In this tutorial, configuration files and it’s loading is not covered. Details about configuring your KWin scripts are available [http://rohanprabhu.com/?p=85 here].
 
== Setting up your development environment ==
 
For the purposes of this tutorial, we’ll create a script file ''tutorial.kwinscript'' or anything you may prefer. Save it to the ''KWINSCRIPTS'' folder. Also, do set the executable bit for the scripting file using <code>chmod +x tutorial.kwinscript</code>. In the script ''tutorial.kwinscript'', enter the following code:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
print("Hello World");
</syntaxhighlight>
 
The phrase '''‘Hello World’''' may have become too old and repetitive, but we may break laws, we may break promises, but we never ever break tradition. So, Hello World it is. You may either have another account for KDE-development or you may be a KWin user having a single KDE installation. If you have a single KDE installation, I would suggest that you create another account for KDE-development, the details for which can be found [http://techbase.kde.org/Getting_Started/Build/KDE4.x here]. This is so because KWin scripting is still in development and some nasty scripts may cause a crash or some other similarly crippling behaviour. Whenever testing a script or changes to a script, use a terminal to reload kwin. The reason to do so is so that you can read the output from a script on the terminal. Any scripting errors are also reported to the stdout, so it is helpful if you run it within a terminal. To load KWin, open '''Konsole''' and just type in:
<code>kwin --replace &</code>
 
This will reload the scripts and execute them again. For your first script, let us follow these steps:
 
*First create a file in KWINSCRIPTS called ‘tutorial.kwinscript’.
*Edit ''tutorial.kwinscript'' and add the following line:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
print("Hello World");
</syntaxhighlight>
 
*Save the file, and set executable permissions on the file using <code>chmod +x tutorial.kwinscript</code>.
*Open up '''Konsole''' (or switch to the user account you develop on and then start up '''Konsole''') and type in the following line: <code>kwin --replace &</code>
*In the terminal, you should see the line '''‘Hello World’''' printed. If you see it, Congrats! You’ve just written and run your first KWin script.
 
Output from the terminal is pretty useful when it comes to debugging your script. Here is how my terminal looks after attaching an event which prints a line everytime a client is minimized alongwith its caption:
 
[[File:Kwintut1.png]]
 
This is the development environment you’ve setup and this is what we’ll be using for the rest of this tutorial. If KWin crashes, you can try moving your mouse over the '''Konsole''' window which launched KWin. This will most probably return focus to the window and then you can try entering <code>kwin --replace &</code> again. Since focusing is handled by the Window manager, when KWin crashes focus issues are common and you need a little bit of experience and luck at times. I suggest you read the KWin/HACKING file located [http://community.kde.org/KWin/Hacking here].
 
== KWin scripting basics ==
 
To follow this tutorial, you must have some idea about [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript ECMAScript] (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript JavaScript]. A quick introduction can be found in the [http://techbase.kde.org/Development/Tutorials/Plasma#JavaScript Plasma scripting tutorial].
 
===Types===
In KWin scripting, there are three kinds of variables:
 
*Floating
*Singleton
*Instantiable
 
 
'''Instantiable''' objects are your regular objects, instances of which you can create using the <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">var x = new X();</syntaxhighlight> syntax. Examples of instantiable objects would be ''QTimer'' and ''ClientGroup''.
 
'''Singletong''' objects are those objects who have only one instance of their type. For example, there is only one ''‘workspace’'' objects.
 
'''Floating''' objects, quite unique to the KWin scripting itself are objects that although have many instances, but none of them can be created. These can only be obtained as the return values of various methods.
 
===Events===
KWin scripting is completely ''event-driven''. Now there are quite a number of events within KWin scripting, and a lot more to be added. The thing to note here is that some events are availabe both system-wide and specific only. The previous sentence might seem a little confusing. Allow me to explain. Take the case of an event ''‘A client is minimized’''. KWin scripting provides two kinds of events:
*'''workspace.clientMinimized''' is emitted system-wide i.e. whenever any client is minimized throughout the workspace.
*'''myclient.minimized''' is specific to the object it is called from, in this case '''‘myclient’'''. It is emitted only and only when '''‘myclient’''' is minimized.
 
To handle events, one must simply use the <syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>object.event.connect()</syntaxhighlight> syntax. Let’s say, whenever I minimize a client, I want to print it’s caption. Here’s the code:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
workspace.clientMinimized.connect(function(client) {
    print(client.caption());
});
</syntaxhighlight>
 
The '''print''' function prints to your terminal and is extremely useful for debugging. In the code snippet above, an anonymous function is connected to the event '''workspace.clientMinimized''', which is emitted whenever a client is minimized. The function which is called is passed as a parameter the client that was minimized. In case of the other event, no such parameter is passed, as we obviously know the specific client which is being called:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
myclient.minimized.connect(function() {
    print("Minimize a client!!");
});
</syntaxhighlight>
 
To understand which parameters are passed to the event handlers (i.e. the functions we connect to), one can always refer the [[Development/Tutorials/KWin/Scripting/API]].
 
== Your first (useful) script ==
 
In this tutorial we will be creating a script based on a suggestion by Eike Hein. In Eike’s words: ''“A quick use case question: For many years I’ve desired the behavior of disabling keep-above on a window with keep-above enabled when it is maximized, and re-enabling keep-above when it is restored. Is that be possible with kwin scripting? It’ll need the ability to trigger methods on state changes and store information above a specific window across those state changes, I guess.”''
 
Other than the really function and useful script idea, what is really great about this is that it makes for a perfect tutorial example. I get to cover most of the important aspects of KWin scripting while at the same time creating something useful.
 
So let’s get on with it…
 
=== The basic outline ===
'''Design statement''': For every window that is set to '''‘Keep Above’''' others, the window should not be above all windows when it is maximized.
 
To do so, this is how we’ll proceed:
#Create an array of clients whose '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set.
#Whenever a script loads, make a list of all clients whose '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set and add it to the array.
#Whenever a client is maximized, if it’s ''''‘Keep Above’''' property is set, remove the '''‘Keep Above’''' property.
#Whenever a client is restored, if it is in the ‘array’, set it’s '''‘Keep Above’''' property.
#Whenever a new client is added, check and see if it needs to be added to the array (depending on whether it’s '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set or not).
 
==== The basic framework ====
So, for first steps, let us just create an array:
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
var ka_clients = new Array();
</syntaxhighlight>
Now, we need to make a list of all available clients whose '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set. From the [[Development/Tutorials/KWin/Scripting/API|KWin API docs]] you can lookup the '''workspace.getAllClients()''' method:
 
[[File:Kwintut2.png]]
 
Allow me to present a small primer on how to read the KWin API docs. Here, the first line mentions the method, which is '''‘workspace.getAllClients’'''. The '''‘ret’''' specifies the type of value that will be returned by the method. Here, it says ''ret: Array(client)'', which means that an array of client objects will be returned. It takes one parameter '''desktop_no''', which specifies which desktop to fetch the clients from. The rest is clear from the description itself. So, to check all the clients whose '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set, we will use the following piece of code:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
var c = workspace.getAllClients();
 
for(var i=0; i<c.length; i++) {
    if(c[i].keepAbove()) {
        print(client.caption() + " (yes)");
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
'''Explanation:'''
*First, it gets a list of all clients available from all the desktops and stores it in a variable '''‘c’'''.
*Then it loops over the entire array and checks for clients whose '''‘keepAbove’''' property is set. To do this, one can use the '''client.keepAbove''' method. It returns true if the given clients '''‘Keep Above’''' property is set.
*Then it simply prints the clients caption.
 
Here, every element of '''‘c’''' is an object of type '''‘client’'''. Every '''‘client’''' object represents a window. Here is how my terminal looks after writing this script:
 
[[File:Kwintut3.png]]
 
Now, what we need to do, is add every such client to the array '''ka_clients'''. So this is how our code will look:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
var ka_clients = new Array();
var c = workspace.getAllClients();
 
for(var i=0; i<c.length; i++) {
    if(c[i].keepAbove()) {
        ka_clients[ka_clients.length] = c[i];
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
What '''ka_clients[ka_clients.length]''' does is append an element to that array.
 
==== Manage maximization for clients ====
Now that we have added it to an array, we need to make a provision that whenever the client is maximized, it’s '''‘Keep Above’''' property does not stay. So, we’ll modify the previous code a little:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
function manageKeepAbove(type) {
    if((type.h == 1) && (type.v == 1)) {
        this.setKeepAbove(0);
    }
}
 
for(var i=0; i<c.length; i++) {
    if(c[i].keepAbove()) {
        ka_clients[ka_clients.length] = c[i];
        ka_clients.onMaximizeSet.connect(c[i], manageKeepAbove);
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
For all events, there are two ways to connect it:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
object.event.connect(h_function);
object.event.connect(f_this, h_function);
</syntaxhighlight>
 
In either case, '''h_function''' is called whenever the event occurs, but in the second case, the function’s '''‘this’''' object is set to '''f_this'''. We use the second way because as you can see, multiple clients connect to the same function. So whenever a function is called, how does it know which client it must handle? Hence, we must specify the object it must ‘act on’, or in the other words, it’s ‘this object’.
 
'''client.onMaximizeSet''' is an event whenever a client is maximized. There are two parameters while specifying a maximization: horizontal maximization and vertical maximization. The function is passed only one value which has two properties '''‘h’''' and '''‘v’'''. It specifies in which direction the client occupied the workspace dimension. We want the property to be triggered only when the client is maximized in both the directions. Note here that it is not necessary to write a function of our own in the global scope since we can use anonymous functions also. However, we are writing a function in the global scope so that we can even disconnect this slot later if needed.
 
Save and run this script and see if it works as one would expect it to.
 
==== Managing clients whose properties which are dynamically set ====
At this point however, if you set the '''‘Keep Above’''' property for a client, its property won’t be removed on maximization. This is because currently we are only covering the clients which are already present. To cover clients whose property is set after a script has been loaded, we’ll use the event '''workspace.clientSetKeepAbove'''. What we’ll do is, for every client whose '''‘Keep Above’''' property is changed, we’ll add it to the array if it is set, and we’ll remove it from the array if it is unset. This is how we’ll proceed:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
workspace.clientSetKeepAbove.connect(function(client, set) {
    var found = ka_clients.indexOf(client);
 
    if(set == 1) {
        if(found == -1) {
            ka_clients[ka_clients.length] = client;
            client.maximizeSet.connect(client, manageKeepAbove);
        }
    } else if(set == 0) {
        ka_clients.splice(found, 1);
        client.maximizeSet.disconnect(manageKeepAbove);
    }
});
</syntaxhighlight>
 
'''Explanation:'''
*In the event handler for '''workspace.clientSetKeepAbove''', we’ve used an anonymous function, as I mentioned was also possible previously. This is because we want this event handler to be alive throughout the execution of the script i.e. we don’t want to ever disconnect it. In such cases, anonymous functions can be used.
*Here, we simply check for a client. If its property was set, we add it to the array (if it isn’t already there) and it was unset, we remove it from the array (if it is there in the array).
*Also, whenever it is added to the array, we need to connect it’s '''maximizeSet''' event as we did previously.
*Do note that we also disconnect the function if the '''‘Keep Above’''' property was unset. To disconnect, we need to provide a function name. This is the reason why we wrote a named function in the global scope instead of an anonymous function.
 
One point to note there is that, the client object is merely a ''‘wrapper’'' for an actual '''Client''' object (in C++). So then how does the ‘==’ operator work for the same object that was wrapped separately (the == relation is used to lookup up a value using the '''Array.indexOf()''' method)? Even though the object they wrap is the same, shouldn’t their wrapper be different? The answer is no. A scripting object to a kwin scripting object follows a strict 1:1 relation. Just as a wrapper can be mapped to a client, a client can be mapped back to a unique wrapper. This is achieved using script caching, details for which are [http://rohanprabhu.com/?p=14 here]. This is why the ‘==’ and the ‘!=’ operator can be used safely to check if two variables actually wrap the same object or not.
 
==== Restoring it all ====
 
Now the last and most important part of it all. Whenver the client is restored, we must set it’s '''‘Keep Above’''' property if it was set earlier. To do this, we must simply extend our '''manageKeepAbove''' code to handle this scenario. In case the client is not maximized both vertically and horizontally, we check if the client is in our '''ka_clients''' arrray and if it is, we set its '''‘Keep Above’''' property, otherwise we don’t bother:
 
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
function manageKeepAbove(type) {
    if((type.h == 1) && (type.v == 1)) {
        this.setKeepAbove(0);
    } else {
        if(ka_clients.indexOf(this)) {
            this.setKeepAbove(1);
        }
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
In the end, our entire script looks like:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang=javascript>
var ka_clients = new Array();
var c = workspace.getAllClients();
 
workspace.clientSetKeepAbove.connect(function(client, set) {
    var found = ka_clients.indexOf(client);
 
    if(set == 1) {
        if(found == -1) {
            ka_clients[ka_clients.length] = client;
            client.maximizeSet.connect(client, manageKeepAbove);
        }
    } else if(set == 0) {
        ka_clients.splice(found, 1);
        client.maximizeSet.disconnect(manageKeepAbove);
    }
});
 
function manageKeepAbove(type) {
    if((type.h == 1) && (type.v == 1)) {
        this.setKeepAbove(0);
    } else {
        if(ka_clients.indexOf(this)) {
            this.setKeepAbove(1);
        }
    }
}
 
for(var i=0; i<c.length; i++) {
    if(c[i].keepAbove()) {
        ka_clients[ka_clients.length] = c[i];
        c[i].maximizeSet.connect(c[i], manageKeepAbove);
    }
}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
Try out this script and check if it works according to your wishes. Before going, let me give you a small excercise. Although we’ve covered all the cases, we surely have left one. Whenever I launch a new window, what if its '''‘Keep Above’''' property is already set? We surely need to manage that also.. ''HINT:'' Use the '''workspace.clientAdded''' property.

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